Optimizing FRS and GMRS radios for emergency use - Rick Hughes K7YPR - 8/25 ERC training

Tonight, I would like to talk briefly about FRS and GMRS Service as it pertains to emergency use in our wards and stakes. I would like to go over best practices for using FRS and GMRS radio channels during emergencies, look at some technical considerations, regulatory requirements, channel selection strategies, etiquette, and practical deployment for maximum clarity and impact. 

 FRS: Family Radio Service FRS radios are designed for short-range, license-free communication. Operating in the UHF spectrum (specifically 462–467 MHz), they are widely available, affordable, and easy to use. FRS radios typically have a fixed antenna and modest power limiting their effective range to approximately 0.5–2 miles, depending on terrain and obstructions. 

 GMRS: General Mobile Radio Service GMRS radios operate on many of the same frequencies as FRS but allow for higher power (up to 50 watts with base stations and repeaters), removable antennas, and extended range. Unlike FRS, GMRS use requires an FCC license, but no exam. GMRS is well-suited to larger groups, neighborhood teams, and scenarios requiring interoperability with mobile or base units.

 The FCC assigns 22 shared channels for FRS/GMRS use: 
• Channels 1-7: Shared FRS/GMRS channels • Channels 8-14: FRS only (low power)
• Channels 15-22: Shared FRS/GMRS (higher power permitted for GMRS) FRS radios may use all 22 channels, but only at lower power settings. GMRS radios, with a license, may use higher power and repeaters on select channels. 

Emergency Communication Priorities In a crisis, the primary communication needs are: 
• Relaying information about hazards or threats
 • Requesting medical or rescue assistance
 • Coordinating resources and response teams
 • Maintaining situational awareness within a group. To optimize limited radio bandwidth, disciplined channel use is essential. 

Best Practices for Channel Selection. 
Designating Primary and Secondary Channels Select a primary channel for group-wide emergency communication. A secondary channel can be reserved for less urgent traffic or specific teams (medical, logistics, etc.).
For example: 
• Channel 3: Primary emergency channel (widely used by many preparedness groups)
• Channel 7: Secondary channel for coordination
Avoid using channels 8-14 for critical messages, as their lower power limits reduce range and reliability. Minimizing Interference During regional or large-scale emergencies, many users may converge on popular channels (e.g., Channel 1 or 3). If traffic is heavy, coordinate with your group to shift to less congested channels (15-22 for GMRS users). Be aware that some users never change or know how to change channels on their FRS radios after taking them out of the box.

GMRS repeaters (typically on channels 15-22) can dramatically extend coverage. Designate a known repeater for use by licensed team members, ensuring all users understand its activation protocol. In our valley, all the GMRS repeater slots are filled. Repeater channels and locations have been surveyed and approved by those in the know to give the optimal coverage. Scott Saunders from the State and Ted McArthur locally have overseen recent efforts. 

Privacy Codes. 
Many radios feature "privacy codes" (CTCSS/DCS), which filter out transmissions from other groups. While they do not make communications private or secure, they help reduce distractions. Agree on codes within your team but be prepared to disable them for broader coordination. 

Radio Etiquette During Emergencies 
Brevity and Clarity Messages should be short, clear, and purposeful: 
• State your location and need at the outset 
• Avoid unnecessary chatter—reserve airwaves for vital traffic
• Repeat critical information if needed 

Standardized Protocols 
Use established communication protocols to avoid confusion, such as: 
• “Break” for urgent interruptions
• “Over” to signal you have finished speaking 
• “Out” to indicate the   end of communication
• “Mayday” or “Emergency” for life-threatening situations. Train all users ahead of time in these conventions.

Call Signs and Identification 
GMRS license holders should use their FCC-issued call sign for identification, especially when using repeaters or in mixed groups. FRS users may use plain language (e.g., “Base,” “Team One”) to simplify coordination. 

Deployment Strategies Pre-Planning Before an emergency arises: 
• Distribute radios and test all units in advance
• Define primary and backup channels and protocols in written emergency plans. 
• Train users on radio  operation, etiquette, and battery management 

During an Emergency.
• Establish clear leadership (e.g., appoint a communications coordinator) 
• Maintain scheduled check-ins to keep all parties informed 
• Monitor alternate channels for outside information and coordination
• Preserve battery life by minimizing unnecessary transmissions 

After an Emergency 
• Conduct a communication debrief to identify what worked and what can be improved 
• Recharge, inventory, and maintain all radio equipment

 Legal and Ethical Considerations FCC Compliance 
• FRS: No license required, but users must comply with power and antenna restrictions
• GMRS: License required for higher-powered or repeater-enabled radios 
• Do not transmit false distress calls or interfere with lawful communications 

Respect for Other Users  Always share the airwaves respectfully. In large-scale emergencies, your team may be sharing channels with neighboring groups, first responders, or unfamiliar individuals. Communicate courteously and do not monopolize the channel.

Limitations and Recommendations 
While FRS and GMRS radios are invaluable in emergencies, users should be aware of their limitations:
• FRS range is limited, especially indoors or in dense urban areas 
• GMRS requires a license and may be costlier for high-power or repeater models
• Channels may become crowded during widespread disasters Recommendations: 
• Test radios and train all users regularly
• Establish written communication protocols before emergencies
• Consider supplementing FRS/GMRS with other communication methods 

Conclusion FRS and GMRS radios, when used thoughtfully and in accordance with FCC regulations, provide a backbone for emergency communication in a variety of scenarios. By designating channels, maintaining disciplined protocols, and fostering cooperation, groups and families can ensure that critical information flows smoothly when it matters most. Preparation is essential—plan ahead, train, and stay ready to communicate in the moments that count.